Springer Nature Book 'Social, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Generative AI: Tools, Techniques and Systems' Reportedly Published With Numerous Purportedly Fabricated or Unverifiable Citations
'Social, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Generative AI: Tools, Techniques and Systems,' published by Springer Nature in June 2025, reportedly contains numerous purportedly untraceable academic citations. Independent analyses by multiple researchers allegedly found that a substantial share of references in certain chapters could not be verified, including citations to journals that do not exist. Citation patterns reportedly appear consistent with known large language model hallucination behaviors.
- Date it happened
- 2025-06-17
- Organisation involved
- Srikanta Patnaik, Jair Minoro Abe, Kazumi Nakamatsu, Francesco Vigliarolo, Springer Nature, Unnamed chapter authors
- Product, system or model
- Unknown generative AI systems, Large language models
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